derivatives hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons: an element of C and H
Consists of:
           1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2)
           2. Alkenes (CnH2n)
           3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
or:
1. Hirokarbon saturated, ie hydrocarbon binding on all carbon Ranai singular, also called as alkanes.
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, namely hydro carbon contained in the carbon chain double bonds (alkenes) and triple (alkyne).
c. Hydrocarbon nomenclature
Alkane nomenclature

     • unbranched chains (straight)
     • If the carbon chain consisting of 4 or more carbon atoms, the alkane name was given the prefix n (normal)

If a branched carbon chain, then:
a. specify the parent chain, the longest carbon chain from one end to another. Parent chain alkanes are named
b. Penomoran.Berikan number on parent chain from the end nearest branch
c. Determine branch of the C atom attached to an alkyl chain induk.Cabang and name the corresponding alkyl alkilnya structure

• Determine the parent chain (carbon chains) that passes through the longest double bonds, alkenes to name them according to the number of atoms C
• Numbering starts from the end of the parent chain closest to the double bond
• If there is a branch name the alkyl

Alkyne nomenclature sequence:
• alkyne by IUPAC nomenclature:
- Determine the parent chain is the longest chain of C atoms and are named according to the number of C atoms in the parent chain.
- The numbering of the parent chain end closest to the triple bond
- If there is a named branch to branch C atom

Physical properties of hydrocarbons
Physical properties of alkanes:
· C1 - C4: the normal t and p is the gas
· C4 - C17: on t and p is the liquid normal
· C18: normal on t and p is dense
· The higher boiling point: the addition of elements of C
· The number of each atom C: TD has a low branching
· Solubility: soluble in non-polar solvents
· BJ rose with increasing the number of elements
Physical properties of alkenes:
· Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, characteristic odor, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%)
· At room temperature, the first three terms is a gas, the next tribes and tribes liquid high solid, can not mix with water because the density is less than water.
· Can burn with a sooty flame as the carbon content is higher than the number of alkane carbon atoms together.
Physical properties of alkynes:
· Higher interest alkyne boiling point greater
· At room temperature gaseous first three tribes, the tribe next tangible cairsedangkan at a high rate are solid.
· A gas, colorless, distinctive smell
e. Hydrocarbon isomers

2. Isomer alkene compounds: from there the tribes into four, namely butene

3. Alkyne compound isomers: from there the. Chemical reactions on hydrocarbons
alkanes:
1. Perfect oxidation reaction produces carbon dioxide gas and water
4CH3 + 7O2 ----- 4CO2 + 6H2O
2. incomplete combustion produces gases CO or C
4CH3 + 5O2 + 6H2O ------ 4CO
3. substituted by Cl2 and Br2 with the help of sunlight as a catalyst, eg, chloroform (CHCl3)
2CH4 + 6Cl2 ------- + 2CHCl3 6HCl
alkenes:
By hydrogen addition reactions to form alkanes: ethene to ethane
                 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 + H2 -----
     ethene ethane
alkyne:
Formed by hydrogen addition reactions of alkenes later alkanes: ethyne into atena into ethane
Hydration reaction (the binding of water molecules): ethyne (acetylene) bind water molecules to form vinyl alcohol with the aid of a catalyst mercury salts, vinyl alcohol is unstable then form ethanal, ethanal reduced to ethanol and then oxidized to acetic acid
Polymerization reaction, ethyne with HCl to tribes into four, namely butane

Derived Compounds Alkanes
Hydrocarbons is the mother of all organic compounds.
Classes of hydrocarbons formed from C and H atoms
While the class of compounds alkane derivatives involving atom C, H, and O. Alkanes derived compounds are compounds that can be derived from an alkane in which one or more H atoms is replaced by another atom or group to form other compounds.
À alkanes CnH2n +2
                   CnH2n +1 - H
                   R - H à replaced another group
Cluster replacement became part reactive molecules and gives characteristics of the compound concerned. Therefore, it is called functional groups.
The compounds with the same functional groups exhibit similar properties. Types of carbon-carbon bonds ianggap well as functional groups, because the type of bonding in a compound greatly affect the properties or reactions of these compounds.

Keisomeran:
Compounds - compounds that have the same molecular formula called isomers.
Keisomeran functional groups:
Have the same molecular formula but different functional groups. There are 3 couples that have homologues same formula as follows:
1). Alcohol with Alkoksialkana having the general formula CnH2n +2 ​​O
2). Alkanal with alkanol, having the general formula CnH2nO
3). With alkyl alkanoic alkanoic acid, having the general formula CnH2nO2

Several classes of compounds derived alkanes are discussed below.
1. Haloalkane
- Compounds alkyl halides are well saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated elements of H that one of his or replaced by halogens (X = Br, Cl. I)
- Alkyl halide = haloalkane = RX structure of primary, secondary, tertiary
- Aryl halide = ARX = aromatic organic halogen compounds
Physical properties Alkyl halides:
- Having a higher TD than TD Alkanes with C the same number of elements.
- Do not dissolve in water, but soluble in certain organic solvents.
- Compounds bromo, iodo and polikloro heavier than water.
USE alkyl halides:
- Chloroform (CHCl3): solvent for fats, drugs (spiked with ethanol, stored in brown bottles, filled to the brim).
- Tetraklorometana = karbontetraklorida (CCl4): solvent for fats, fire extinguishers (Pyrene, low BP 77oC, heavy fumes.
- Freon (Freon 12 = CCl2F2, Freon 22 = CHCl2F): cooling refrigerator, tool "air conditioner", as a propellant (propagator) cosmetics, insecticides, etc.. Alcohol and Ether
2. Alcohol
a. Types of Alcohol
Based on the type of carbon with an OH group, alcohol divided into primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. In primary alcohols, the OH group attached to a primary carbon atom, and so on.
b. Tata name Alcohol
IUPAC name of the alcohol derived from the name of the corresponding alkane by replacing the suffix a to ol.
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH 1-Propanol
In addition to the name IUPAC, modest alcohol also have common names, ie alkyl alcohol.
CH3-CH2-OH ethyl alcohol
c. Properties of Alcohol
o Physical properties
Alcohol mempumyai melting point and boiling point are relatively high. At room temperature, a low rate of alcohol as a liquid, the interest was in the form of a thick liquid, while the high rate solid form
o Chemical Properties
Yag OH group is sufficiently reactive groups that alcohol is easy to get involved in different types of reactions. Reaction with active metals such as sodium and potassium metal to form alkoxide and hydrogen gas. Alcohol is flammable simple form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. If alcohol is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid will dehydrate (remove the water molecules) to form ethers or alkenes.
d. Alcohol usefulness in everyday life
- Preservative for animal collection (small size).
- An automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel.
- Antifreeze in the radiator.
- To add to the appearance of internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the intake of air into the inlet, providing a denser air ingress.
- Gasohol (90% gasoline + 10% alcohol) as fuel
3. Ether
a. Tata name Ether
Common name of the ether is an alkyl alkyl ether, the names of the alkyl group followed by the word ether (in three separate words).
  CH3-CH2-O - CH3 ethyl methyl ether
IUPAC name is alkoksialkana. In this case considered sebgai ether derivative of the alkane alkane H atom is replaced by an alkoxy group (-OR).
CH3-CH2-O-CH3 metoksietana
b. Properties of Ether
o Physical properties
Melting point and boiling point of ether is much lower than alcohol. Similarly, in terms of solubility, greater ether soluble in water than alcohol. In general, the ether does not mix with water. At room temperature, ethyl ether solubility in water is only 1.5%. This occurs because the molecule is less polar ether.
o Chemical Properties
Flammable ether to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. Ether does not react with metallic sodium. Ether decomposed by acid halides, especially by HI.
c. Ether usefulness in everyday life
The most important is the ethyl ether ether sehair-day life as well as in the trade is called ether. The primary use is as a solvent ether and medicine (anesthetic) in operation. Ethyl ether is an anesthetic given through breathing, such as chloroform or cyclopropane.
C. Aldehydes and ketones
4. Aldehyde
l Aldehyde is a compound that contains a carbonyl group (C = O) bound to one or two elements of hydrogen.
l Aldehydes derived from "alcohol dehidrogenatum" (means synthesis).
a. properties
- Chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones are generally similar, differing only in degree. Elements of small water-soluble C (reduced + C).
Is a polar compound, aldehyde TD> non polar compounds
- Physical properties of formaldehyde: a gas that smells very stimulating
Acrolein propanal == == CH2 = CH-CHO: liquid, pungent odor, extremely reactive.
b. Use of Aldehydes
Formaldehyde is an aldehyde of the most widely produced and have many uses are as follows.
o To create formaldehyde, which is 40% solution of formaldehyde in water. Formalin is used to preserve biological sample and also preserve dead bodies, but should not be to preserve food.
o To make various types of thermoset plastics (plastics that do not melt on heating).
5. Ketones
a. Ketones Nomenclature
Alkanon name derived from the name of the corresponding alkane by replacing the suffix a to be on.
Common name is alkyl alkyl ketone ketone. Both are called alkyl groups separately and then end with the word ketone.
CH3-CO-C2H5 methyl ethyl ketone
CH3-CO-CH3 dimethyl ketone
b. Ketones properties
o Oxidation
Ketones are a weaker reductant than aldehydes. Weak oxidising agents such as Tollens and Fehling reagent can not oxidize ketones. Therefore, aldehydes and ketones can be distinguished using the peraksi-peraksi.
o Reduction (addition of hydrogen)
Reduction of primary alcohols produce ketones.
c. The use ketones
Ketones are the most widely use in the world is that propanone trade and daily life is called acetone. Usability is utana acetone as the solvent for waxes, plastics, and sirlak. Also sebgai solvent for cellulose acetate in the manufacture of rayon. In everyday life, women use acetone to mebersihkan nail color. Some cyclic ketones is due to the ingredients to make sweet-smelling perfume.
D. Carboxylic Acids and Esters
6. Carboxylic Acid
a. Tata name alkanoic
Alkanoic acid name derived from the name of the corresponding alkane by replacing the suffix of a prefix to oats and give sour. For example, alkanes into alkanoic acid.

CH3-CH2-CH-COOH
        |
        CH3

acid 3-metilbutanoat
Carboxylic acid common name. For example, typically the name metanoat acid is formic acid.
b. Some Carboxylic Acid in Daily Life
Formic acid is widely used in the textile industry, leather tanning, and in rubber plantations to agglutinate latex (rubber tree sap). Acetic acid is the acid in vinegar diet. Levels of acetic acid in vinegar diet contained about 20-25%.
7. Esther
a. Tata name Esther
Ester derivatives were named alkyl alkanoic alkane. Called the name of it is the alkyl group attached to the carbon atom O (group R '), whereas the R-alkanoic is-COOH. C atoms of functional groups into the alkanoic section.
b. Preparation of Esters
Esters can be prepared from carboxylic acids and alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid influences. This reaction is called pengesteran reaction (esterification) and an equilibrium reaction.
c. Some Kind of Ester and Uses
Esther has a savory aroma that many of them are on the flowers or fruits that are called fruit esters. Wax (wax, not paraffin) are esters of long chain carboxylic acids with long-chain alcohols. One of the ester group that is widely available in nature is fat (fat). Some examples of fats and oils is beef fat, coconut oil, corn oil, and coconut oil.
d. Ester properties
o Hydrolysis
Esther can terhidolisis the influence of alcohol and an acid to form a carboxylic acid. Hydrolysis reaction is the opposite and pengesteran. Hydrolysis of fats or oils produce glycerol and fatty acids. Sample hydrolysis of glyceryl tristearate produce glycerol and stearic acid.
o lathering
The reaction of esters (especially fats and oils) with a strong base such as NaOH or KOH produces soap. Therefore the reaction called saponification reaction (saponification). In the manufacture of soap was also formed as a byproduct glycerol.
8. Benzene = C6H6
     - The simplest aromatic compound
          - Derived from coal and oil
          - Physical properties: liquid, td. 80oC, colorless, insoluble in water, soluble in
        most organic solvents, flammable with a sooty flame and
        color (due to high levels of C)
Creation:
- First from coal tar distillates rise, rise now from petroleum distillates
Use of Benzene:
-Previously as a motor fuel
- Solvent for many substances
-Synthesis: styrene, phenol, nylon, aniline, isopropyl benzene, detergents, insecticides, maleic acid anhydride, etc.
The chemistry of benzene:
a. Halogenesi → Benzene reacts with the catalyst directly with halogen iron (III) halide
b. Nitration → Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst to form nitrobenzene
c. → Occurs when the benzene sulfonation be heated with concentrated sulfuric acid
d. → alkylbenzene alkylation can be formed if benzene is reacted with an alkyl halide with aluminum kloroda catalyst (AlCl3)
 11.3 Describe the usefulness of hydrocarbon compounds and their derivatives in human life
 Indicator:

    Hydrocarbons and their derivatives are described by utility in people's lives
    Petroleum processing described by its aftermath

Summary of material


     1. Alcohol:
              a) methanol
Also called wood methylated because once dried powder made from the distillation of wood (sawdust) now by reacting CO with H2 gas using ZnO and Cr2O3 catalyst at temperature of 450 C, pressure of 200 atm. Methanol is a liquid form, is colorless, odorless alcohol as usual, are toxic, intoxicating can cause blindness and even death. Methanol can be used as a solvent, for making varnish, to make formalin.

              b) Ethanol
It is a liquid with a fragrant aroma that is produced naturally from the fermentation using yeast or other mikriorganisma. Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages, as a solvent and the manufacture of other chemicals. Ethanol is made in the petrochemical industry instead of alcohol mentioned above. However, ethanol is made synthetically. Ethanol can be oxidized to acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Other products include butadiene from ethanol used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. Ethanol is mixed with gasoline is used as a car fuel called gasohol.
     2. Parfumery
              perfume is aromatic compounds that have a characteristic odor that comes from plant extracts both stems, leaves, and flowers, and fruit extracts. Aromatic hydrocarbon compounds known by the general name of compounds benzene and its derivatives. The compounds of benzene derivatives are often found in nature eg Benzaldehid (Cherry scent)
The perfume has been known from time immemorial, as used in Egypt, Arabic, Chinese and other state-nagara. Fragrance materials are obtained by steam distillation can be obtained from lemongrass oil, patchouli leaf, cloves, and cinnamon bark. Fragrance materials in a perfume is not only used for fragrance materials, but can be used to neutralize certain bacterial food poisoning as was done by the people of India in using perfume "beverage" made of spices
Aroma of fruits caused by a variety of compounds that are volatile ester. The process of the emergence of these scents on different materials is not the same. In fruits, the production of aroma compounds was increased when approaching the climacteric
Decades ago have been successfully synthesized compounds are used to the scent. Commonly used are ester compounds in very small amounts have been able to provide an excellent aroma. Compounds of particular ester (flavormatik) have fragrance scents like banana, panilin provide similar aroma of vanilla extract and caproic amyl has aromas of apples and pineapples
3. Plastic
A plastic material is any of a variety of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic amorphous solids used in the manufacture of industrial products. Plastic polymers are usually high molecular mass, and may contain other substances to improve performance and / or reduce costs .. Monomers of plastic are either natural or synthetic organic compounds. The word plastic comes from the Greek plastikos meaning capable of being shaped or molded, from plastos meaningful form. It refers to their malleability, or plasticity during manufacture, that allows them to cast, pressed, or extruded in a variety of shapes-such as films, fibers, plates, tubes, bottles, boxes, and more.

           
C. Petroleum and its usefulness
1. Formation and processing of petroleum
a. Petroleum formation
According to the duplex theory:
Formed from petroleum-derived microorganisms from animals or plants that have died, due to the influence of time to reach thousands or even millions of years, microorganisms transformed into spots and bubbles of oil or gas.
Petroleum is grouped as a natural resource that can not be updated. Petroleum deposits in Indonesia are generally found in coastal areas or off Panai, the northern coast of Java (Cepu, Wonokromo, Cirebon). Areas of northern and eastern Sumatra (Aceh, Riau). The area east Kalimantan bagia (Tarakan, Balikpapan) and the head of the bird (Papua).
                       b. Petroleum processing
1). Management of the first stage (primary processing).
In the first stage of the process is done "dostilasi Be, at this storied distillation process include:
a. First Faction: produce LPG used for fuel gas stove, or cars with CNG
b. Fraction two: often called naphtha (Natural Gas), naphtha can not be directly sunakan, though teteapi in the second stage to be made in petrol (premium) or ptrokimia material, naphtha often also called the heavy gasoline.
c. The third faction: made into kerosene (kerosene) and Autur (jet fuel)
d. Fourth Faction: made into diesel, used as fuel in diesel engines.
e. Fraction fifth in call residue containing the long chain hydrocarbons that can be processed further in the second stage of a variety of other carbon compounds and the rest as asphalt and wax.
2). The second stage of processing
This process is a continuation of the distillate in the second stage
These processes include:
a. cracking (Cracking): In doing structural changes nkimia hydrocarbon compounds, m which includes cracking (breaking the chain). Alkylation (alkyl formation), polymerase, reform and isomerase
b. Extraction process: cleaning products using solvents.
c. The process of crystallization: the processing of the products through the melting point difference.
d. Cleaning and contamination: the processing of the first stage and the second stage is often the case that the dirt contamination should be in the clear by adding caustic soda (NaOH) or clay Hidrogenesi process.
2. Processed products of petroleum and its aftermath
a) Naphtha (residual)
    Naphtha is a petroleum fraction has the highest number of atoms C6 - C10, used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, detergents, drugs, paints, fabrics, cosmetics, and aircraft fuel.
b) Petroleum (gasoline)
   Gasoline is one of the many petroleum fractions used in everyday life, is mainly used as a fuel in internal combustion engines, such as in cars and motorcycles. Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds comprising isomers heptane and octane. If in gasoline are heptane and octane straight chain inside the engine, gasoline is not mengalani combustion, causing a knock and disturb the movement of the piston in the engine. If in gasoline are heptane and octane branched chains then undergo combustion engine knock that number can be reduced.
   The impact of gasoline combustion
- The use of TEL (tetra etyl lead) containing heavy metals (Pb) in gasoline will burn out with car fumes through the exhaust will not affect either the body.
- Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons will impact emit carbon monoxide gas which impacts interfere with breathing.
- The presence of sulfur in petroleum will be burned produces sulfur diosida affecting disrupt photosynthesis in trees of green leaves for damaging substances.
c) Karosen (kerosene and aftur)
     Karosen a petroleum fraction containing the number of atoms C11 - C14, is used as fuel, petroleum fractions Avtur is useful as a jet fuel. 


 problems: How to prove any element of C and H in the hydrocarbon? How to identify the way in?