PETROLEUM
Petroleum (English: petroleum, from
Latin petrus - rock and oleum - oil), also dubbed as the black gold, is a thick
liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the
few areas in the crust earth. Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of
different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in
appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil
mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of
geological studies, sediment analysis, character and structure of the source,
and a variety of other studies. After
that, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and separated the
results by boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and
kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and
pharmaceuticals. oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material
human needs.
composition
If seen rough, earth oil contains only crude oil, but in everyday use it is also used in the form of hydrocarbon solids, liquids, and gases. At standard temperature and pressure conditions, light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane is a gas that boils at -161.6 ° C, -88.6 ° C, -42 ° C, and -0.5 ° C, respectively (- 258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 ° and +31.1 ° F), while the carbon is higher, ranging from pentane to the form of solids or liquids. Even so, in the oil under the ground, the proportion of gases, liquids, and solids depending on surface conditions and the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture Earth.
Most oil wells producing crude oil, and sometimes there is also the natural gas content in it. Since the pressure at the Earth's surface is lower than underground, some of the gas will come out in the form of a mixture. Most gas wells producing gas. However, as the temperature and pressure in the underground is greater than the temperature at the surface, the gas that comes out is sometimes also contain larger hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the form of gas. On the surface, the gas will condense that form natural gas condensate. Physical form of condensate is similar to gasoline.
The percentage of light hydrocarbons in crude oil varies depending on the oil fields, the maximum content can be up to 97% of the gross weight and the minimum is 50%.
Types of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil consists mainly of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, coupled with some other minor elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, plus some types of metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium . The number of molecular composition vary greatly from one oil to another oil but the percentage proportion of the chemical elements can be seen below:
If seen rough, earth oil contains only crude oil, but in everyday use it is also used in the form of hydrocarbon solids, liquids, and gases. At standard temperature and pressure conditions, light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane is a gas that boils at -161.6 ° C, -88.6 ° C, -42 ° C, and -0.5 ° C, respectively (- 258.9 °, -127.5 °, -43.6 ° and +31.1 ° F), while the carbon is higher, ranging from pentane to the form of solids or liquids. Even so, in the oil under the ground, the proportion of gases, liquids, and solids depending on surface conditions and the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture Earth.
Most oil wells producing crude oil, and sometimes there is also the natural gas content in it. Since the pressure at the Earth's surface is lower than underground, some of the gas will come out in the form of a mixture. Most gas wells producing gas. However, as the temperature and pressure in the underground is greater than the temperature at the surface, the gas that comes out is sometimes also contain larger hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the form of gas. On the surface, the gas will condense that form natural gas condensate. Physical form of condensate is similar to gasoline.
The percentage of light hydrocarbons in crude oil varies depending on the oil fields, the maximum content can be up to 97% of the gross weight and the minimum is 50%.
Types of hydrocarbons contained in the Earth's oil consists mainly of alkanes, cycloalkanes, and a variety of aromatic hydrocarbons, coupled with some other minor elements such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, plus some types of metals such as iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium . The number of molecular composition vary greatly from one oil to another oil but the percentage proportion of the chemical elements can be seen below:
Petroleum is a mixture of various
hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found molecules are alkanes (both
straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds
such as aspaltena complex. Each oil has a unique molecular Earth respectively,
are known from the physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity.
Alkanes, also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be present in the mixture.
Alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25 carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure, and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.
Cycloalkanes, also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6 planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.
All kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. An example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic reaction with oxygen:
2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)
The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector.
Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen oxides that can cause smog.
Alkanes, also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be present in the mixture.
Alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25 carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure, and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.
Cycloalkanes, also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6 planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.
All kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. An example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic reaction with oxygen:
2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)
The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector.
Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen oxides that can cause smog.
comment
one example of oil in nature is oil . how oil is not exhausted in nature whether oil can be recycled?
and what happens if the oil is already out in the wild?
