ATOM, MOLEKUL, DAN ION

Atom
Atom is a very small unit in every material that exists around us. Atom
consists of three types
subatomic particles
:

electron
, Which has
load
negative;

proton
, Which has
load
positive;

neutron
, Which is not
uncharged
.
Each
element
is
unique

are distinguished by the number of
protons contained in the atom
from the elements. Every atom
has a number of electrons
equal to the number of protons; when
there are differences in the atom
called
ion
.
Many other elements created by humans, but they are usually unstable and
spontaneously transformed into stable natural chemical elements through the process
radioactivity
.
Although there were only 91 elements in nature, but the atoms can occur
bond
each other to be
molecule
and other types of chemical compounds. Molecule is formed
of many atoms. The water molecule is a combination of two atoms
hydrogen
and an atom
oxygen
.
The nucleus
Center of
atom
called
atomic nuclei
or
nucleus
. The nucleus consists of
proton
and
neutron
. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called
atomic number
, And determine the form
element
whether the atom.




The size of the nuclei is much smaller than the size of the atom itself, and almost half
great composed of protons and neutrons, there is virtually no contribution from
the electron.
Protons and neutrons have nearly equal masses, and the sum of the two masses
is called
mass number
, And weighs almost the same. The mass of the electron is very
small and does not contribute much to the mass of the atom.
The number of protons and neutrons determines the type of nucleus or nuclei. Proton and
neutron has a mass nearly equal, and the combination of the number, mass number, the average
equal to the atomic mass of an atom. Combined mass of the electron is very small in
comparison of the mass of the nucleus, in because the weight of protons and neutrons is almost
2000 times the mass of the electron.
Neutron
Neutron or neutron is
subatomic particles
which is not charged (neutral) and
have
mass
1.6749 × 10
-27
kg, slightly heavier than
proton
.
The nucleus
of most
atom
composed of protons and neutrons.
The main difference of the neutron with
subatomic particles
other is that they do not
uncharged. The nature of these neutrons make their findings more backward, and very penetrating,
makes it difficult to observe directly and makes it very important as agents
the nuclear changes.
Proton
In
physics
,
proton
is
subatomic particles
with
load
positive of 1.6 ×
10
-19

coulomb
and mass
1.6726231 × 10-27 kg
, Or about 1800 times the mass of a
electron
.
An atom is usually composed of a number of protons and
neutron
which is at the core
(Center) atom, and a number of
electron
surrounding the core. In the charged atoms
neutral, the number of protons will be equal to the number of electrons. The number of protons in the
core will usually determine the chemical properties of an atom.
The nucleus
affectionately known as the
terms nuclei,
nucleus
, Or nucleons (English Idioms: nucleon), and reactions that occur or
related to the atomic nucleus is called
nuclear reaction







molecule




Molecule - Forms of the smallest unit that can be identified
become elements through a decomposition reaction and
has the composition and chemical properties as the compound
them.
• Molecules consist of atoms consist of two or more elements

A. Understanding of particle material
The smallest particle of matter is part of a material. Any material containing tiny particles that make up the substance which may be atoms, ions, and molecules. Until now no one knows the form of the smallest particles of matter, scientists seek to develop various models of the data they collect. Each different substances drawn up by the smallest particles are different. For example, the water drawn up by the smallest particles are different from the smallest particles that make up sugar.
B. Atom
Around 450 BC the Greek philosopher Leucippus and Democritus declare that all materials prepared by the particles is very small and can not be subdivided are called atoms. Atom comes from the Greek, namely atomos (a: no and Tomos: divided).
In 1808 a chemistry teacher from England John Dalton (1766-1844) proposed the idea of ​​atoms known as "Dalton's atomic model" with the essence as follows:

   1. Each element consists of the smallest particles that can not be subdivided, called atoms.
   2. All atoms of the same element have the same size and mass. The atoms of different elements have different masses. Thus, many different kinds of atoms equal to the number of elements.
   3. Atoms can not be tampered with. Atoms can not be destroyed or created through chemical reactions.
   4. Through a chemical reaction, atoms of the reactants will have a new arrangement daaan be mutually bonded to each other by the ratio of certain numbers.
In the images of atoms of different elements are different colors just to show that the atoms are derived from different elements. Staining is not the color of the atom itself.
In case of a single atom does not have certain properties, such as color, shape, density, electrical conductivity, boiling point, melting point, etc.. New properties that arise when the atoms combine to form a large collection of atoms in certain ways. Atom bonded ways will determine the nature of the substances formed.
The chemists set of elements and compounds in a periodic system of elements is a table that contains 118 elements that are in a free state or its compounds in nature and even the elements that exist only in the laboratory.
Column in the periodic system of elements are called groups. In each group there is only one class of elements. In one group, the elements will be prepared in accordance with the increase in mass numbers.
Image of the periodic system
The main group elements given additional symbols A faction behind the numbers. Elements in the first main group (IA) called the alkali metal group elements (hydrogen instead of metal so it does not include an alkali metal). The second major class (IIA) alkaline earth metal element. The elements in the seventh main group (VIIa) is called the halogen group elements, and elements in eight main groups (VIIIA) elements called noble gases group.
Each line begins with the elements of the periodic system of alkali metal and ends with a noble gas element. The elements that constitute a class of atomic properties to be found again periodically in each row. Hence the line in the periodic system is called the period. Period number is written with numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7. The first period only the elements hydrogen and helium
In the periodic system, each element is written in the form of the symbol with the atomic number and mass number.
The symbol of the element lithium atoms is Li
The atomic number element Li is 3
Li element mass number is 6
C. Molecule
Many of the smallest particle of a substance in nature that are not atoms, but rather a combination of two or more atoms of the element. Combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements are called molecules. If the atoms of the same element molecules called molecular elements. Examples of such elements molecules O2 (oxygen), H2 (hydrogen), N2 (nitrogen), O3 (ozone), and S8 (sulfur). If the molecule is composed of two or more atoms of different elements are called molecular compounds. Examples of CO2 (carbon dioxide), H2O (oxygen), C12H22O11 (white sugar), C2H5OH (ethanol), and CO (carbon monoxide) is a gas that can poison our blood causing death.
D. Ion
In the mid-19th century, a lot of research showing that not all compounds formed from the combination of two or more atoms of the element, but rather by a combination of electrically charged particles called ions. Ion charge once or several times the electron charge, which is the smallest charge is called the elementary charge.
Metals to form positively charged ions (cations) and non-metal element forming most of the negatively charged ions (anions).
The atoms in a neutral state containing positive and negative charges are equal in number. Charge on the ion can be estimated from the location of elements in the periodic system.
Ions of alkali metals (IA) always form ions positively charged one, for example, lithium ion (Li +), sodium ions (Na +), and potassium ions ((K +). Metal ions alkaline earth (IIA) has a positive charge of two, ions such as calcium (Ca2 +), and magnesium (Mg 2 +).
The ions of halogen group elements (VIIa) is always negatively charged one, namely fluoride ion (F-), chloride ion (Cl-), bromide ion (Br-), and iodide ions (I-). The ions of group VIA forming two negatively charged ions, such as oxygen to form oxides (O2-) or sulfur to form sulfides (S2-). From the VA group, the element nitrogen to form nitride (N3-).
Above ions derived from a single element (monatomic). Ions also have the combination of two or more atoms of different elements (polyatomic). For example, sulfate ions (SO42-), nitrate ion (NO3-), acetate ion (CH3COO-), ammonium ion (NH4 +), and hydroxyl ions (OH-).
The amount of electric charge in a compound composed of positive and negative ions are neutral. For example NaCl.
Charged ions have a strong electrical attractive force. The ions are positively charged (cations) binds to negatively charged ions (anions) via ionic bonds (chemical bonds that occur due to electrical attraction force) and form ionic compounds (compounds formed due to ionic bonds).
Compounds composed of ions do not form molecules, but the crystal lattice. In a crystal lattice, the ions are arranged opposite each other with certain antarion arrangement. The strong bonds between the ions can explain why the salts generally have melting points and high boiling point substances daripadda the smallest particles are molecules.




question:
Is the motion of molecules can affect the shape of the molecule itself?